Definition matters. Metropolitan areas and agglomeration economies in a large-developing country

A variety of approaches to delineating metropolitan areas have been developed. Systematic comparisons these in terms the metro area landscape that they generate are however few. Our paper aims fill this gap. We focus on Indonesia and make use data commuting flows, spatially fine-grained population, remotely sensed nighttime lights construct using several developed literature. find maps characteristics Indonesia's generated when a flow approach differ substantially from those other approaches. Moreover, combining infomation by different with detailed micro-data national labor force survey, we show estimated agglomeration wage premium for Java-Bali tends fall more restrictive definition areas. This is not case rest Indonesia, which we, moreover, much lower premium. provide an explanation findings, also tentatively probe factors behind